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Alongside icons painted on wood, crosses and icons on copper, bronze or brass were popular in Russia, particularly from the 17th century. They were cast in various shapes and sizes, using expendable-mould techniques. They range in size from small pendants to rectangular panels and even triptychs and tetraptychs, in other words three or four-part folding icons, which were especially popular. After casting, the finishing touches were applied, and then the pieces were gilded and in some cases ornamented with coloured enamel.
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