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Leoni made various busts of Mary of Hungary in both marble and bronze for the portrait galleries of several different clients. Such galleries were quite customary in courtly circles during the Renaissance. The present bust was made for Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517-1586). He was a Burgundian statesman, made a cardinal, who followed his father as a leading minister of the Spanish Habsburgs, and was one of the most influential European politicians during the time which immediately followed the appearance of Protestantism in Europe. He was also a notable art collector, friend and patron of Titian and Leoni.
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