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The Dominican friar Vincent of Beauvais (c. 1190–c. 1264) wrote the Speculum Maius (The Great Mirror), the main encyclopedia that was used in the Middle Ages. It consisted of three parts, the Speculum Naturale, Speculum Doctrinale and Speculum Historiale. The earliest translation of the Speculum Historiale was into Middle Dutch. It was prepared by Jacob van Maelant at the request of the Count of Holland. The present manuscript is the only surviving copy of this translation, the Spieghel Historiael; it was written in c. 1330. Folio 213v, illustrated here, shows the battle of Charlemagne and Roland.
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