Carolingian art comes from the Frankish Empire in the period of roughly 120 years from about 780 to 900 - during the reign of Charlemagne and his immediate heirs - popularly known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The art was produced by and for the court circle and a group of important monasteries under Imperial patronage. The art was produced in several centres in what are now France, Germany, Austria, northern Italy and the Low Countries, and received considerable influence, via continental mission centres, from the Insular art of the British Isles, as well as a number of Byzantine artists who appear to have been resident in Carolingian centres.
Part of Charlemagne's promotion of education and book learning included the importation of the world's most distinguished scholars into his court. One of these was Alcuin (c. 735-804), who had been born at York in England. In 796 he became abbot of St. Martin's Abbey, and set in motion there a campaign of manuscript production which lasted far into the ninth century and made Tours the world centre for Bibles and for Carolingian minuscule script. These manuscript Bibles were acquired by monasteries in many parts of the Carolingian empire. The great achievements of the Tours scriptorium during the ninth century were closely related to sources at Charlemagne's court school in Aachen.
Another important French centre of manuscript production was the court school of Charles the Bald (823-877) in Reims. It was the last of the great schools of the Carolingian Renaissance.
Summary of illuminated manuscripts (miniatures) |
Late Antique and Pre-Romanesque periods |
351-400 | 401-450 | 451-500 | 501-550 | 551-600 | 601-650 | 651-700 |
701-750 | 751-800 | 801-850 | 851-900 | 901-950 | 951-1000 |
Romanesque period |
1001-1050 | 1051-1100 | 1101-1150 |
Early and High Gothic periods |
1151-1200 | 1201-1250 | 1251-1300 |
Late Gothic and Renaissance periods |
1301-1350 | 1351-1400 | 1401-1450 | 1451-1500 | 1501-1550 |
Book covers |
Illuminations by known masters |
List of illuminators |